Department of Political Science

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Administrative Style And Staff Morale In Private Institutions In Malaysia
(Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 2010) Kakuba, Sultan Juma; Saidi, Mpawenimana Abdullah
Globally, administrative styles in institutions is concerned with the way and manners in which the authority works with subordinate staff for the purposes of achieving desired stated goals and objectives set by the institutions. However, Management, leadership/administration are often used synonymously according to Coleman despite the fact that they mean different things.1 He states that management has to do with finance, structure, staffing, mission and effectiveness. On the hand, he looks at leadership administration as taking an institution/organization where it is now to where it has to be in the future leadership/ administration is providing a direction that drives the institution in a specific direction.2 But Goldbach looks at administration as an art and science. He explains that leadership is an art because it is applied to real life with skills. And it is a science because it can be learned.3 According to Krietner, he looks at leadership as a process of social influence, which a leader seeks the voluntary participation of subordinate staff in an attempt to achieve the goals of an institution. It is the art to inspire others to willingly execute institutional activities. In this study administration is used interchangeably with management to mean the capacity to direct and coordinate human and material resources to attain specified objectives. Important to note is that it is administration of human resources that seem to be the major focus of administration. This is because it is persons that coordinates and manages resources for the purposes of the intended mission and goals of institution. In the light of this, administration and management analysts usually look on the problems of human resources administration.
African Union mechanisms for Conflict Management: a Critical assessment with reference to Darfur conflict in Sudan
(Islamic university in uganda, 2009-01) Owoyesigire, T.
The general objective of the study was to undertake critical assessment of the effectiveness of the African Union mechanisms for conflict management with particular reference to Darfur crisis. The specific objectives of the study focused on the Darfur region with respect to identifying the AU conflict management mechanisms; examining the factors constraining/promoting the effectiveness of AU in conflict management and establishing plausible strategies for conflict management in Africa.
An Analysis of the 2011 Parliamentary Election and its Implication on the Economy of Uganda
(International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 2011) Kakuba, Sultan Juma
The National Resistance Movement (NRM) government transited to electoral democracy with promulgation of the 1995 constitution. This constitution provides for a periodic election after every five years. This has given a roadmap for political action to put Uganda on the road of democracy. This study makes an analysis of the 2011 parliamentary election, which attracted a total of 1659 parliamentary candidates both male and female. A content analysis was adopted in this study and the main source of data was the electoral commission results document records. Method of data analysis was based on descriptive statistics to interpret, discuss and analyse the parliamentary election outcome. The findings are that the ruling NRM party won most of the seats; there was decline in the number of seats won by opposition. And female still enjoy affirmative action seats with little inroads to directly elected seats, which are the domain of men among others. But opposition political parties attract little support and register poor performance in election. The conclusion is that given the huge number of seats obtained by NRM, the parliament is likely to turn into a rubber stamping body for the demands from the executive. Therefore, the recommendation is that in order for the citizens to be familiar with multi-polity politics, where electoral system is free and fair, there is need for government to invest in political education right from primary to university level to enhance active and equal participation in election through political parties of their choices.
An analysis of the challenges to the survival of coconut production industry in zanzibar (1964-2005) west urban region as a case study
(Islamic university in uganda, 2010-01) Khamis, Juma
An analysis of the challenges to the survival of coconut production industry in Zanzibar is intended to provide basic fundamental understanding on the aspect about coconut production and the challenges it faced from 1964 to 2005. Secondary and primary data have been collected in this study. Various methods have been used to collect data, among them are participatory group discussions, questionnaires and observation checklist.
Assessment of Islamic University in Uganda approaches to peace building among students.
(2015) Bilyaminu, Umar Muhammed
ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to analyses Assesses of Islamic University in Uganda approaches to Peace building among the Students. The general objective of the study was to explore the assessment of Islamic University in Uganda approaches to peace building among the students. The study is guided by following specific objectives To Examine how counseling service in the university promote peace building among students, To analyses how reprimand, dead year and discontinuation influence peace building among the students, To evaluate how intergroup relationship enhances peace building among the students, The research use descriptive research design the research adopted random sampling techniques the objectives of the study where tested using the research question which test the effect that The study found that majority of respondents felt that intergroup dialogue enhances Peace building among students. Similarly, the respondents were of the view that counseling services provided by lecturers in the University encourage intergroup relationship among Islamic University in Uganda students. The research recommended that there is need for Islamic University in Uganda to improve counseling services in the university in order for people from different background to participate in development of university, welfare and the nation in general. A clear strategy is also needed in area of disciplinary action such as reprimand, dead year, and discontinuation for effectiveness of peace building activities in Islamic University in Uganda. Inter group relation is also require between people of different languages, religion, so as to achieved peaceful co-existence.
An assessment of the contribution of the northern Uganda social action fund l (NUSAF 1) to the development of women in the post Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) era in Gulu district, Uganda.
(Islamic university in uganda, 2011-01) Nalukwago, Jemeo
The Study investigated the contribution of NUSAF I to the development of women in Gulu District. The objectives of the Study were: The contribution of USAF 1 towards the Health status of women in Gulu District; How NUSAF 1 has helped women in Gulu District cope with the changed roles and finally, the contribution of NUSAF 1 to the improvement of the economic status of women in the same district. The study was guided by a cross sectional survey research design applying both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis. Data was collected by use of a both open and closed ended questionnaire, in depth interview guides, field observation and focused group discussion guides. The respondents included: The Woman Member of Parliament Gulu District, the Permanent Secretary, Office of the Prime Minister, the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO), Gulu District, the Medical Superintendent, Gulu Referral Hospital, Female Students (15 years and above), women market vendors and women at the grassroots. The Study revealed that NUSAF 1 had not contributed to the development of women in the district of Gulu.
An assessment of the impact of allied democratic force insurgencies on the Muslims of Kasese district from 1996 – 2006
(Islamic university in uganda, 2009-01) Segujja., Badru
The objectives of this study were to assess the social economic impact of ADF insurgencies on the Muslims of Kasese District in areas of poverty, ill health, illiteracy, economic insecurity and social injustice. Basing on in depth study of social phenomena, a qualitative design was employed using investigative methods of in depth interviews, observations and group discussions. The findings indicate that the ADF insurgencies affected the Muslims welfare on various aspects at the social economic levels. Muslims were denied medical care and education opportunities because ADF abducted them and the government suspected them to be rebels. They faced a double tragedy due to that insecurity and they could not feel free with others in different communities. The findings also showed that the ADF insurgencies created economic problems to the Muslim community. They were economically disempowered by the closure of Muslim aid organizations, denial of employment, and the general feeling of suspended security coupled with unending insurgency led to general backward development and poverty of the Muslims in Kasese District.
An assessment of the impact of the 1964 Zanzibar revolution on political party-formation in zanzibar; 1977-2005
(Islamic University in Uganda, 2010) Nyange, Makame
This dissertation presents an assessment of the impact of the1964 Zanzibar Revolution on political party formation in Tanzania, 1977-2005 conducted in Urban District of Zanzibar, between December 2008 March 2009 the findings also showed that there were many political parties before the revolution but the moment the coup took place they were forced underground by the new revolutionary government. A part from that, the study found out that there has been a political crisis in Tanzania, because of the following: lack of political tolerance between two contending parties i.e. CCM and CUF, poor elections code and regulations practiced by ZEC, Union question especially in those additional Articles dealing with such as petroleum and status of Zanzibar in the context of Union. The form of Union government, unevenness in the distribution of the subsides among the political parties, political roles which CCM and its governments played in the implementation of Muafaka as well as tremendous economic hardship have also caused political crisis in Tanzania. The study further portrayed that the accord (Muafaka) entered into by the ruling party in Zanzibar -CCM and the strong opposition party-CUF, was exactly aimed at undermining long term conflicts which were rampant in Zanzibar polity prior to and after the revolution. But surprisingly CCM governments became reluctant against these negotiations. The study recommended that, there is a great need to resolve the Union issue together with the implementation of Muafaka. Otherwise the long term impact of the revolution might not be beneficial to the ordinary people of Tanzania.
An assessment on the causes of electoral conflicts and violence in Uganda
(Islamic university in uganda, 2010-01) Rwakishaija, Duncan
In Uganda, electoral conflicts continue to exist before, during and at the conclusion of National elections. In Kampala, various outcomes in form of court cases, processions, reruns, violent behaviors and hostilities are observed during the electoral period. The study used a qualitative longitudinal research design to gather information from 78 different sources and respondents on the causes of election violence from the EC, the Police force, Media. Faith Institutions and the voters. The study notes that the younger population is more interested in the political situation in the country implying the younger age groups are most involved in the politics of this country and could also be the most vulnerable to election conflict and violence.
The challenge of religious appeal to conflict resolution in Northern Uganda
(Islamic university in uganda, 2009-12) Maliamungu, Uthuman
This research is concerned with the challenge of religious appeal to conflict resolution process in Northen uganda, The purpose of the study was to investigate [he notion of religion in conflict resolution with specific emphasis on: (i) how the LRA conflict is inclined to religion (ii) how religion has empowered individuals to denounce the conflict (iii) the role religious institutions have played in the resolution of the conflict. This study was guided by three research questions each relating to the above specific objective respectively. The study concentrated on the activities of ARLPI and lRCU from 1998- 2007. Five (5) districts of northern Uganda were selected for this study. thirty (30) respondents were chosen by use of systematic sampling technique which involved; Bishops, District Qadis', Imams. Pastors and FBO employees. Simple descriptive analysis wa used to analyze the qualitative data, while descriptive statistics in percentages was employed for quantitative analysis. Then nonparametric was used to design the questionnaires. The research findings indicated that the LRA conflict is specifically linked to the catholic faith. This is as a result of the strong historical attachments Acholi community has with the catholic faith, the influence of Acholi ethnicity and the myth that" Acholi are God' hosen people to rule Uganda" .The religious appeal has significantly contributed to peace in the region by altering the attitude of the disputants, this is done through community peace prayers. Preaching peace and rehabilitation of the defect ants. Religious organizations play big role of mediation, advocacy, lobbying for amnesty bills and sensitization .They also inform the international community about the plight of the region amidst the conflict. The research recommended the following:(i) religious leaders and institutions should continue to persuade both parties to end the violence (ii) FBOs should continue to formulate common positions to pressure both sides to adopt peaceful means to end the war (iii)the traditional methods of reconciliation and peace building must be encouraged among the communities in the region. Therefore religious appeal for peace should be given priority by the national and international stake holders till peace is completely attained.
Clan Warlords as a Challenge in Search of a Sustainable Solution to the Political Crisis in Mogadishu, Somalia
(Islamic university in uganda, 2010-08) JAMA, MOHAMED
With the collapse of Siad Barre's government in 1991, Somalia, and more specifically,Mogadishu has been characterized by civil wars. These wars are primarily clan based and, as aresult, clan ism has emerged as the single most important factor in determining the political andthe general wellbeing of the Somalis. Despite several attempts to find a lasting solution to the raging war in Somalia not much has been achieved. Specifically, not much is known about the' role that clan ism plays in fuelling the civil war and the resultant lawlessness. The main objective of this study was to investigate the nature of clanism and the challenges it possess towards the peace process in Mogadishu. The study was informed by the theory of conflict dynamics in divided society which postulates that inequality in political and economic power between different groups as well as the existence of incompatible ideological convictions generates conditions for polarization and violence. The study comprised of field work done in Mogadishu between March and September, 2009 where relevant data was gathered from different sources and adopted purposive sampling technique. Data collection tools included interview, questionnaire, as well as focus individual and group discussions were used in order to get relevant information from the field. The study findings have shown that clan ism contrives to be cancerous and will continue to be so. Inter- clan rivalry and warfare is indeed dictated by clan goals that have to do with political power, land, and the state of the economy as well as other social issues. At the heart of all this is, therefore, the need for Somalis to align themselves along their clans. The study argues that clanism, therefore, emerges as the only viable political option hence the escalation of the war in Mogadishu. The study further gives clear and basic information to the reader about the Somali conflict, which based on clan goals of dimensions. Its revealed that clanisrn has played a significant role in the Somali crisis and the current scenario the country is in. The study found out that the entire peace initiatives, which have been conducted, were based on 4.5 formulae and none has been successful.
Contribution of Inter-Religious Council of Uganda towards peace building in Elgon region.
(2016) Tukura, Danladi Sule
ABSTRACT This study was conducted on the contribution of inter-religious council of Uganda towards peace building in Elgon Region. The study was guided by the following objectives: To examine the contribution of advocacy activities of IRCU towards peace building in the Elgon region. To analyze contribution of participation in policy making by IRCU towards peace building activities in the Elgon region, To evaluate the contribution of moral building by IRCU on peace building activities in the Elgon region. The study further implored a cross sectional survey design with a methodological triangulation; the data was collected by way of questionnaires and interview guides. The following findings were established: Regarding objective one the following were established: whether IRC has ever carried out peace advocacy activities in Elgon region and the results obtained were as follows: 24 (19.4%) strongly agree, 46 (37.1%) agreed, 5 (4.0%) were not sure, 49 (39.5%) disagreed, 0% strongly disagree. whether vulnerable groups were targeted by IRC advocacy activities and the results were as follows: 30 (24.2%) strongly agreed, 28 (22.6%) agreed, 3 (2.4%) were not sure, 54 (43.5%) disagreed, 9 (7.3%) strongly disagreed, to this factor. Regarding objective two the following were established: whether IRCU brings policy makers to the community to explain policy issues and the results obtained were as follows: 9 (7.3%) strongly agreed, 54 (43.5%) agreed, 5 (4%) were not sure, 53 (42.7%) disagreed, 3 (2.4%) strongly disagreed to this aspect, whether the IRCU helped explain policy making to the community and the following results were obtained: 30 (24.2%) strongly agreed, 28 (22.6%) agreed, 3 (2.4%) were not sure, 54 (43.5%) disagreed, 9 (7.3%) strongly disagreed to this aspect. Regarding objective three the following were established: whether IRCU helps to family morals and the following results were obtained 24 (19.4%) strongly agreed, 46 (37.1%) agreed, 5 (4%) were not sure, 49 (39.5%) disagreed to this, whether IRCU counseling services to instill better public conduct among the youths and the following results were obtained 9 (7.3%) strongly agreed, 54 (43.5%) agreed, 5 (4%) were not sure, 53 (42.7%) disagreed, 3 (2.4%) strongly disagreed to this fact. The researcher revealed the following from the regression (model summary): advocacy would predict variations in peace building as a standalone predictor, moral building would impact on peace building in the presence of advocacy, and lastly participation in policy making would predict variations in peace building in the presence of moral building and advocacy. Furthermore putting into consideration the sample taken for this study, the R2 obtained include 0.086 for advocacy implying that the variations in peace building are explained by 8.6%
The Contribution of World Vision in Socio-Economic Transformation oWar Victims in Gulu Municipality of Northern Uganda
(2015) Abdullahi, Abubakar
This Study Examines The Contribution Of World Vision Towards Socio-Economic Transformation Of The War Victims In Northern Uganda, Particularly In Gulu Municipality. The Study Is Both Qualitative And Quantitative. The Study Was Guided By The Following Specific Objectives Such As To Examine The Impact Of Scholarship And Other Scholastic Materials Provided By World Vision In Transforming The War Victims, To Explore The Effect Of Rehabilitation Given By World Vision To War Victims In Gulu Municipality, To Analyze The Effect Of Reintegration Activities By World Vision In Transforming The Lives Of The War Victims In Gulu Municipality, And To Evaluate The Impact Of Economic Support Provided By World Vision In Transforming The War Victims In Gulu Municipality. The Study Was A Cross-Sectional Survey And Involved A Sample Of 381 Respondents That Were Randomly And Purposively Selected From The Sampled Area. Structured Questionnaires Were Administered To The Respondents To Collect The Data Required To Address The Study Problem. In Regard To This, The Data Collected Was Analyzed Using Descriptive Statistics. During This Study, The Researcher Found That World Vision Is Already Responding To Rehabilitation And Reintegration In Order To Support War Victims. It Is Also Observed That World Vision Uses Participatory Approaches To Identify Key Issues Affecting The War Victims In Order To Provide Necessary Support. The Study Found That World Vision Has Provide Scholarship And Other Scholastic Material To War Victims In Gulu Municipality. It Assist In Their Enrollment Into Various Level Of Education. The Organization Also Sponsor The Educational Activities Of The War Victims Up To University Level And This Had Significantly Helped The Victims Who Lost Their Education While In Captivity. In Addition, World Vision Has Involved In The Provision Of Scholastic Materials Such As Books, Chairs, And Tables, Construction Of Classes And Renovation Of Classrooms To Schools In The War Affected Areas Of Gulu. Secondly, World Vision In Its Recovery Efforts In Post-Conflict Situation In Northern Uganda, Established A Rehabilitation Center In Gulu For The Rehabilitation Of The War Victims. The Study Confirmed That World Vision Has Established And Funded A Rehabilitation Center Known As Children Of War Rehabilitation Center, A Place Where War Victims Were Rehabilitated And Transformed By The World Vision In Gulu Municipality. The Study Found That This Rehabilitation Center Was Used In The Treatment Of Psychosocial Trauma Of Former Child Soldiers In Gulu Municipality. Thirdly, Study Found That World Vision Helped The Abductees By Reintegrating Them And Take Them Back To Their Families. For Instance, Findings Show That Many War Victims Were Supported By World Vision Through Reintegration Activities. This Is Because, The Rejected Formerly Abducted Persons Were Later Accepted And Reintegrated In The Community. Finally, Study Found That World Vision Has Involved In Training Of The War Victims With Vocational Skills Training Which Helps In Improving Their Socio-Economic Status. The Study Further Found That War Victims Who Lost Their Agricultural Activities And Other Economic Opportunities Were Financially Supported By World Vision Through Small Business Start-Up Capital And Also Provide Them With Agricultural Skills That Helped Them To Boost Their Agricultural Activities.
Crisis in Somalia in the Context of Brecher’s Definition of International Crisis
(International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 2010) Kakuba, Sultan Juma
The crisis in Somalia is one of the worst crises that have ever happened on both local and international scene. It is characterised by violence, which keeps on escalating between Transitional Federal Government and the Islamic Courts union. This situation has made Somalia a dangerous country to the extent that since 1991 it has been without a central government. This persistent crisis in Somalia has caused Somalia into intractable conflicts both locally and internationally. In the light of this, there has been international intervention and withdrawal of external actors due to complexity of the crisis. In this context this crisis has been perceived differently. This paper attempts to explain the Somali crisis in the context of Michael Brecher’s definition of international crisis. The focus is on the key drivers for the persistent breakdown of Somali society that have kept the crisis alive. The paper concludes that Somalia has been plunged into continuous spiralling violence resulting into persistent crisis and conflicts both internally and externally due to internal and external political dynamics of the country as portrayed in Brecher’s ideas on the landscapes of international crisis.
East African Community economic initiatives to reduce conflict among the members states
(2017) Kakuba, Sultan Juma; Saidi, Mpawenimana Abdullah
The study investigated the economic achievements registered by East African Community (EAC) to reduce intrastate conflict in the region to promote peacebuilding. Partner States of EAC with exception of Tanzania have witnessed intrastate conflicts. The partner states of East African Community such as Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi have suffered from conflicts for many years, which needs a regional approach to address it. The aim of this study was to examine the economic achievement initiatives of East African Community to reduce conflict. The study used document study analysis, group discussion and interview to collect data besides extensive literature review on the subject. The findings of the research reveal that EAC has made a number of achievements which have had direct or indirect significant contribution in reducing conflict in East Africa. These among others include establishment of common identity to reduce tension among the citizens in the region; establishment of custom union which provides details policies to harmonize economic policies. The study concludes with some recommendations that there is need to implement policies and programmes initiated by EAC if it is to have taste of time.
The Effect of Land conflict remedies on the Welfare of Women in Nakaloke Sub-County, Mbale District, Uganda
(2015) Sirajo, Alhaji
The research study was conducted on the effect of land conflict, remedies on the welfare of women in Nakaloke sub county, Mbale District Uganda, the research was driven by the following objectives: to find the effect of political will as a land conflict remedy on the welfare of women in Nakaloke sub county, Mbale, to ascertain the effect of land legal instruments remedy on the welfare of women in Nakaloke sub-county, Mbale, to examine the effect of land legal procedural remedy on the welfare of women in Nakaloke sub county, Mbale. The study was based on the following hypotheses: H01: There is no significant relationship between political will as a land conflict remedy on the welfare of women in Nakaloke sub-county, H02: There is no significant relationship between legal instruments as a land conflict remedy cases and the welfare of women in Nakaloke sub-county, H03: There is no significant relationship between legal procedures as land conflict remedy and the welfare of women in Nakaloke sub-county. The researcher used a correlation design; the data was collected using questionnaires, schedules and the respondents were selected. The t value obtained between legal procedure and the welfare of women was .361 and therefore this revealed a significant relationship between legal procedure and the welfare of women and therefore we reject the null hypothesis. Also there was a significant relationship between legal instruments and the welfare of women revealed by a t value of 3.498 therefore we reject the null hypothesis. The study came up with the following recommendations: The government should restructure its political strategies to come up with a strategy which includes more women, also government ensure that a mechanism is put in place to bring such services closer to the local women, there should be massive sensitization of the women on their legal rights.
Effect of Leadership Conflict in Uganda Muslim Supreme Council (Umsc) Administration On Selected Social Services of the Council in Mbale Municipality July 2015
(2015) Nura, Ahmad
The study was carried out to analyze the effect of leadership conflict in Uganda Muslim supreme council (UMSC) Administration on selected social services of the council in Mbale municipality. The study was guided by the following specific objectives. To find the effect of leadership conflict on the selected social services of the council at the District level, and to measure the effect of leadership conflict on selected social services of the council at grassroots. The study employed cross sectional survey design. The study population was (157) individuals and all the population were selected as the respondents. Questionnaires and interview schedule were used as instruments for data collection. The data was analyzed using regression analysis and Pearson product moment correlation to test the effect of leadership conflict in Uganda Muslim Supreme council administration on selected social services of the council in Mbale district. The null hypotheses were as follows. There is no statistical significant relationship between leadership conflict and the social services provision of the council at the district level, and there is no statistical significant relationship between leadership conflict and the selected social services provision of the council at the grassroots level. The study found out that of the two predictors of the effect of leadership conflict that is to say at grassroots level, district levels of conflicts; the grassroots level was the stand alone predictor of the variations on the social services of the council. The district level conflict would not predict change in the council social services provision. The study recommended that leaders at all levels of Muslim community should develop internal conflict resolution mechanism to iron out their problems rather than exposing their disputes to public, and re- emphasize the call for unity of Muslims in the whole country.
The Effect of Peace Building Activities on the Welfare of Women in Post War Gulu Municipality (Uganda) March 2015.
(2015) Nasiru, Hamza
This study was carried out under the topic the effect of peace building activities on the welfare of women in post war of Gulu municipality (Uganda). The study was guided by the following objectives: to establish the relationship between economic peace building activities and the welfare of women, to examine the effect of social peace building activities on the welfare of women and to establish the effect of political peace building activities on the welfare of women in Gulu municipality. The study was basically correlation survey design. Sixty three (63) questionnaires were administered to the respondents while fifty (50) were returned. An interview schedules were also administered to three groups of women to collect data. The sampling techniques were purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. The study found that there is a strong and positive correlation between economic peace building activities and women welfare. The study also reveals that there is a weak and positive correlation between social peace building activities and women’s welfare. It however reveals that there is a weak and positive correlation between political peace building activities and women’s welfare. The study therefore concluded that, peace building activities such as economics like infrastructural improvements were so fundamental in improving women welfare. Social peace building activities affects women’s welfare as well as political peace building activities. These activities are remarkably important in peace building processes and subsequently the welfare of women. The study recommends that there is need to increase and make substantial funding from the state, local government and other nongovernmental organizations to facilitate economic peace building activities and to help women improve their welfare
Elections and Legitimacy in Authoritarian Regimes
(International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 2015) Kakuba, Sultan Juma
Holding periodic democratic elections is one of the principal ingredients of liberal democracy. This practice has also been adopted by authoritarian regimes not for purposes of promoting democracy but to gather legitimacy support to stay in power as well as seeking acceptance in the eyes of both domestic and international communities. Based on dataset of elections in Muslim dominated countries, particularly Egypt and Sudan, respectively, the paper suggests that elections are a sufficient mechanism to mobilise support to keep authoritarian regimes in power. These Muslim countries have had periodic elections but little has been extended to other fundamental tenets of democracy such as freedom of speech, respect of human rights and freedom of press among others. Instead, leaders have used these elections as a license to market their position to hold onto power rather than allowing it to be a competitive game to cause change as people may wish. This study attempts a comparison between authoritarian elections in Sudan (1989-2011) and Egypt (1981-2011). The arguments and analysis given in this paper are based on presidential election dataset country profile of these two Muslim countries obtained from African elections database.
Ethnicity and land based conflict: A Comparison of Kachumbala and Kamonkoli in Eastern Uganda
(2015) Umaru, Ahmed
The study focused on the ethnicity and land-based conflict: a comparison of Kachumbala and Kamonkoli Eastern Uganda. The purpose of this study was to compare how different ethnic groups share resources without conflict while in another area of diversity there is conflict over access and control of those resources particularly land, with specific emphasis on (i) the role of ethnicity in land distribution and utilization (ii) the impact of land distribution among diverse ethnic group coexistence (iii) the challenges faced in the distribution and utilization of land among diverse ethnic group.(iv) the mechanism used in maintaining peace. This study was guided by four research questions each relating to the above specific objective respectively. It was conduct using research design; population of study comprises ethnic leaders, elders, local council leaders, and community residents of the ethnic groups. The methodology used is Qualitative Approach. The respondents were selected using purposive sampling techniques and convenient sampling. Data collected through interview and focus group discussion. The study found that the role of ethnicity in determining land distribution had a positive impact in the border of Bagisu and Kachumbala because the diverse tribes lived in harmony and shared the limited natural resources amicably. On the other hand the role of ethnicity in determining land utilization and distribution played a negative part in heightening the conflict along tribal lines of hatred. Information from both Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and interviews brought out that Uganda’s history reveals that ethnicity has for long determined and dictated the patterns of land and border demarcation by the government. This could have precipitated the Bagwere –Bagisu conflict because the Bagisu have been very conscious of ensuring that their land was not robbed by the neighboring Bagwere while on the Kamonkoli border such a feeling has never been nurtured. The (FGD) found that there was no conflict related to ethnic settlements and land distribution and utilization in Kachumbala and Bugisu border. The inhabitants were in peaceful co-existing despite the tribal or ethnic diversity. While, In Kamonkoli - Bugisu the conflict was persistent because of the struggle over land utilization. The respondents interviewed gave views that showed that there was tension and hatred because the two neighboring tribes were wrangling over land. Therefore the conflict prevalence among the various tribes in Kamonkoli-Bugisu border area was orchestrated by land utilization and distribution. Thus lack of peace and harmony in the area.

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