Research Papers

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Chlorhexidine‐Alcohol Versus Povidone‐Iodine for Surgical Site Infection Prevention in Abdominal Surgery in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries:
(International Society of Surgery/Société Internationale de Chirurgie (ISS/SIC), 2025-04-25) Naziru,Rashid; Turyagumanawe,John; Mukiibi,Enock; Kakooza,Jackson; Mugenyi,Michael; Mumbere,Bienfait V.; Safiriyu,Abass Alao; Kazigo,Ahmed Kiswezi; Kabuye,Umaru; Bwaga,Ibrahim; Nyende,Luis; Bukyana,Sedrick; Ibudi,Emmanuel; Bitamazire,Denis; Lewis,Catherine R.; Akankwasa,Prosper; Hakizimana,Theoneste
Background: Surgical site infections remain disproportionately common in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). We systematically reviewed and meta‐analyzed evidence comparing chlorhexidine‐alcohol (CHG‐ALC) and povidone‐iodine (PI) for preoperative skin antisepsis in abdominal surgery in LMICs. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lens.org from January 2015 to October 2025 for randomized trials and prospective cohort studies conducted in LMICs that compared CHG‐ALC with PI and reported SSI outcomes after abdominal surgery. Because some eligible studies included mixed wound classifications, we performed a primary pooled analysis across eligible abdominal procedures and a pre‐specified sensitivity analysis restricted to studies limited to clean‐contaminated wounds. Study‐level risk ratios (RRs) were pooled using a random effects model, and heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using I2, τ2, Cochran's Q statistics, Egger's regression, and funnel plot–based methods. Results: Fifteen studies including 7459 patients were analyzed. Overall, CHG‐ALC was associated with a lower risk of SSI than PI (RR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.46–0.80; p < 0.001; and I2 = 0%). This effect remained significant when the largest trial was excluded (RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.46–0.71) and when analysis was restricted to studies enrolling only clean‐contaminated wounds (RR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.45–0.77; I2 = 0%). Regional subgroup analysis showed consistent benefit in South Asia (RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.46–0.71; I2 = 0%), whereas evidence in sub‐Saharan Africa was inconclusive (RR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.35–2.21; I2 = 90.8%).
Reported Adverse Events (Side Effects) Following COVID-19 Vaccination Among University Students and Staff:
(East African Health Research Journal, 2025) Naziru,Rashid; Nabukeera, Madinah Ssebyala; Tamale,Francis; Mukasa,Zakariyah; Turyagumanawe,John; Daama,Alex; Babatunde,Areemu Abdul Mujeeb; Zziwa,Swaibu; Mwebaza, Muluya Kharim
Retention in care of HIV-exposed infants and associated infant and maternal factors in Teso Sub Region, Eastern Uganda
(Springer Nature, 2026) Naziru,Rashid; Logose,Barbara Shalah; Kafeero,Hussein Mukasa; Walusansa,Abdul; Babatunde,Aremu Abudulmujeeb; Mwebaza, Muluya Kharim; Auca,Agnes; Nankinga,Ziada; Akugizibwe,Pardon; Zziwa,Swaibu
Safe and Dignified Burials During Infectious Disease Out breaks (Epidemics) in Low-Income and Muslim Minority Countries:
(International Journal of Human and Health Sciences, 2026-07-03) Naziru,Rashid; Gyagenda,Abdul Swamad
Infectious disease out breaks pose serious global threats, resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates, overwhelming the health systems, and creating community fears. Safe and dignified burials (SDB) are a critical intervention for interrupting transmission of infectious pathogens during contagious outbreaks while respecting religious and cultural norms. Religious and cultural practices, specifically the Muslim burial rituals, require that the body be washed before burial, among other practices. In cases of contagious diseases like Ebola, Marburg, and others, these cultural and religious practices put communities at risk of spreading such diseases. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) provided guidance on what to do during pandemics and outbreaks through both practical measures and spiritual principles, as documented in authentic hadiths. This review paper therefore presents an Islamic public health perspective on the conduct of safe and dignified burials (SDB) during outbreaks, reviews challenges, and proposes recommendations for integrating Islamic principles with public health protocols. This review is based on World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, Islamic jurisprudential sources, and case-study experiences from Uganda’s responses to outbreaks. We Outline the steps of safe and dignified burials; we share how the Islamic legal principles allow flexibility in epidemic conditions (for example allowing tayamum instead of ghusul). A training guide framework for Muslim religious leaders in Muslim Minority Countries that are prone to deadly epidemics has also been suggested. Intergrating and harmonizing public health protocols with religious values fosters community trust and improves adherence to safety measures. Future national preparedness and response strategies should prioritize formal partnerships with religious leaders and establish faith and culturally sensitive burial guidelines
Towards a Holistic Islamic Medical Curriculum: Integration of Islamic Knowledge Medical Training; Experiences from Islamic University in Uganda (IUIU)
(Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association (JBIMA), 2025-12) Naziru,Rashid; Mpaata,Kaziba Abdul; Kagimu,Magid; Al-Ghazal,Sharif Kaf; Babirye, Shamim
Background and Aim of the study: The integration of Islamic principles into medical education is in shaping ethically grounded and spiritually conscious healthcare professionals. Different institutions have implemented the integration into the medical curriculum with varying levels of adoption. Whereas institutions in Muslim majority countries have attempted to adopt the integrated curriculum, institutions in Muslim minority countries like IUIU still face limitations for example of lectures and students of different back grounds (Muslims and non-Muslims) and anon supportive environment. This paper explores the integration of Islamic Knowledge into medical education ,with a focus on experiences from Islamic University in Uganda (IUIU). Methodology: A Literature review approach was used to identify the practices of the implementation of the integrated curriculum for both Muslim majority and Muslim minority countries focusing at IUIU. Findings: The study gives the historical background for the integrated curriculum; it also points out the variations in the implementation of the integrated curriculum across universities but more marked between Muslim majority and minority countries like Uganda. The study notices a number of challenges for a holistic integration of the curriculum in Muslim minority countries. Conclusion and recommendations: The paper recommends that Islamic medical colleges adopt a unified curriculum framework incorporating Islamic perspectives into both preclinical and clinical subjects. It also calls for training of medical lecturers in basic Islamic studies. We further recommend tail ring Quran memorization and halaqa studies to health-related content and fostering collaborations through networks like the Consortium of Islamic Medical Colleges (CIMC ).
Neonatal Mortality and Associated Factors among Neonates in Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement, Western Uganda
(Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 2026) Naziru,Rashid; Irumba,Henry; Babatunde, Aremu Abudulmujeeb; Zziwa,Swaibu; Andama,Adinani; Nguza,James; Byobona,Amina; Alhassan, Usman Tanimu Muhammad; Nankinga,Ziada; Nakitende,Sumayah; Mwebaza, Muluya Kharim
Individual factors associated with utilization of HIV self-testing services among adolescent girls and young women between 15-24 years in Iganga District, a cross-sectional study.
(Student’s Journal of Health Research Africa, 2025-06) Naziru,Rashid; Nangobi,Zikula; Babatunde, Aremu Abdulmujeeb; Mwebaza, Muluya Kharim; Zziwa,Swaibu
Determinants of Contraceptive Use among Muslim Women in Mbale City in the Eastern Region of Uganda
(International Journal of Human and Health Sciences, 2026-10-04) Naziru,Rashid; Namirembe,Kauthara Yudaya; Mwebaza, Muluya Kharim; Babatuunde, Aremu Abdulmujeeb; Zziwa,Swaibu; Mafabi,Twaha; Serioni,Emmanuel; Babirye,Shamim; Namaganda,Lukia Hamid
Family planning is broadly acknowledged as a fundamental approach in public health for enhancing maternal and child health, remarkably preventing 32% of maternal deaths and 10% of child deaths. Lower levels of contraceptive uptake are observed among Muslim women than women of other faiths. This study investigated the determinants of contraceptive use among Muslim women of child bearing age in Mbale city in Uganda. This community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 374 Muslim women using interviewer administered electronic questionnaires. The mean age of the participants was 338.8 years. The proportion of Muslim women who were currently using contraceptives was 32%. The associated factors included acceptability of family planning in the community (AOR=2.2,95% CI: 1.104–4.314, p=0.025), desire to have more children later (AOR=6.8, 95% CI: 2.646–17.583, p<0.000), and counselling from a health worker on family planning (AOR=10.9, 95% CI: 5.372–22.013, p<0.001). The contraceptive use was relatively low among Muslim women. There is need to strengthen community-based family planning programs while engaging religious/community leaders and intensifying family planning counselling by health workers.
Laveraging Disease prevention and health promotion to control,prevwent and respond to epdemics,communicable and non communicable diseases
(Islamic Medical Association of Uganda (IMAU), 2025-12) NAZIRU,RASHID
In the recent past, the world has been hit by pandemics like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Monkey pox and epidemics like Ebola Virus Disease (EVD),as well as Marburg among others in different parts of the world. It has also been observed that employing public health measures specifically disease prevention and Health Promotion are fundamental pillars in preventing, controlling, and managing these global threats. Integrating religious teachings and practices, particularly Islamic principles, offers a culturally rooted and spiritually meaningful pathway to advancing these public health strategies. This paper explores and presents how Islamic teachings, principles, and practices —derived from the Qur’an and Sunnah—align with and enhance disease prevention and health promotion across primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. It also highlights practical health-related behaviours advocated for in Islam, including ygiene, nutrition, sexual conduct, and spiritual wellness, and their application in controlling preventing and responding to epidemics communicable and non-communicable diseases. A call to action is made for Musli medical professionals to integrate Islamic teachings, guidance and practices into public health and medical teaching and practice in the training of health care professionals. More scientific research studies should be done to align prophetic medicine (Tibb a Nabbawi) with modern scientific medical knowledge. Further research should explore behavioural outcomes from faith-based health education programs and assess their effectiveness across populations
Competencies of lower-level community health centre leaders in annual health work planning and their influence on district performance in Busoga sub-region:
(PLoS One, 2020-07-30) Muluya,Kharim Mwebaza; Muwanguzi,Gangu David; Aremu,Abdulmujeeb Babatunde; Naziru,Rashid; Wananda,Irene; Kayemba,Jonah Fred; Ogara,Collin; Waib,Musa; Mugisha,John Francis; Waiswa,Peter
Introduction Lower-level community health centres play a crucial role in the delivery of primary healthcare services, and the competencies of their leaders can significantly influence district performance. Annual health work planning in local governments faces imple- mentation obstacles every year. This mostly affects lower-level community health centres in Busoga region. It is evidenced by late submission of annual health work plans to authorized offices and also these work plans are poorly made by lower-level community health centres in Busoga region. This prompted a retrospective study to understand the competencies of leaders in the lower-level community health centres in annual health work plan development.
Effectiveness of the Box Savings Initiative for Transport Costs on Health Facility- Based Deliveries:
(Gynecology & Reproductive Health, 2025-05-21) Mwebaza, Muluya Kharim; Aremu,Abdulmujeeb Babatunde; Naziru, Rashid; Muwanguzi,Gangu David; Kibaara,Rucha Kenneth; Kithuka,Peter; Otieno,George Ochieng; Waibi,Musa; Mugisha,John Francis; Waiswa,Peter
Introduction: Access to maternal healthcare is crucial for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality, especially in rural areas where barriers such as transport costs limit facility-based deliveries. This study explores the effectiveness of Mothers' Box Savings Initiative on transport costs and its influence on health facility-based deliveries in the Busoga region of Uganda. Franchisor-franchisee transport model is important in building bond between mothers and local transporters. Mothers' Box Savings Initiative is a community-based saving scheme where expectant mothers save small amounts regularly to afford transportation to health facilities during delivery and when develop complications. Methods: this was an interventional study with mixed-methods approach employed for 6 months. The franchisor- franchisee model was aimed at bringing local transporters closer to pregnant mothers. However, the Box Savings Initiative was required for mothers to afford transport costs to health centres for deliveries and treatment of maternal related complications in the Busoga region. Results: After the initiation of box savings for transport costs affordability to health centres, deliveries in the intervention arm drastically increased to 70.5 percent and lethargically to 51.2 percent in the control arm. There was statistically significant change effect with the intervention (change average value at 0.314 and p-value at 0.000). The findings indicate that women involved in Mothers' Box Savings and can afford to meet transport costs are significantly more likely to have health facility-based deliveries (AOR=0.117; p-value=0.009; CI= 0.135 – 2.374 and AOR=2.290; p-value=0.011; CI=1.001 – 5.216 respectively). Conclusion: This suggests that the financial empowerment provided by savings initiatives directly contributes to improved maternal health outcomes by reducing barriers to accessing skilled birth attendants. The study underscores the importance of community savings mechanisms as a cost-effective strategy for enhancing maternal healthcare accessibility in low-resource settings.
Predictors of Smartphone Usage Addiction among Health Sciences Students in Selected Universities in Kampala, Uganda
(East African Health Research Journal, 2024-11-10) Aremu,Abdulmujeeb Babatunde; Afolabi,Ismail Bamidele Afolabi; Naziru, Rashidc
Background: Globally, smartphone use among university students is expanding at an exponential rate, and its lingering addiction has now become a global issue, causing some emotional comprehension issues that can lead to significant consequences. Hence, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of smartphone addiction (overuse) and its predictors among health sciences students at selected universities in Kampala, Uganda. Methodology: An online-based descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed for this study among 308 students of health sciences in Ugandan universities. A three-sectioned, pretested, and validated questionnaire was used to capture data on socio-demographic attributes and smartphone use habits from the respondents. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 26. The outcome variable (i.e., smartphone addiction) was transformed into a weighted aggregate score prior to dichotomisation. Analysis of variance, chi-square test of independence, and binary logistic regression analysis were employed for the study hypotheses, and the significance level was set at P ≤ .05. Results: The prevalence of smartphone addiction was found to be 53.9%. Female respondents were predominant, 179 (58.1%), and relatively three-quarters of the respondents, 237 (76.9%), were unmarried. The smartphone addiction score among the respondents was 16.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.49 to 16.78) on a maximum reference scale of 30. At the multivariable model, daily time spent using a smartphone (AOR 0.40; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.69) and the onset of smartphone use (AOR 0.55, 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.97) were identified as the significant independent predictors of smartphone addiction. Conclusion: This study reported a high prevalence of smartphone addiction among the sampled health sciences students in Ugandan universities. The most significant predictors of smartphone addiction include the number of hours spent on a smartphone daily and the onset of smartphone use. Given the negative health outcomes that this problem may evoke, this study calls for targeted health education intervention to enhance self-control skills, and to effectively tackle smartphone addiction among university students in Uganda.
Prophetic Medicine (Twibb Nabbawi) Principles in Clinical Practice
(International Journal of Human and Health Sciences DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v8i3.718, 2024-07-04) Naziru, Rashid
Prophetic medicine (Twibb Nabbawi) refers to the advice, the teachings and practices given by the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) regarding disease prevention and treatment as found in both the Quran and the hadith. These include preventive, promotive and therapeutics modalities. They range from hygiene and behavioral practices, dietary/nutritional practices as well as exercises among others. Several countries especially in the middle east, far east, some countries in Europe and America have embarked on the reactivation, research and practice of this noble principles in enriching the medical knowledge as well as the clinical practice of prophetic medicine. This current paper presents the experiences of use and practice of prophetic medicine principles and teachings in Uganda. They also range from preventive, promotive and therapeutic modalities and varies from various health facilities and individual Muslim health professionals under the umbrella of the Islamic Medical Association of Uganda. (IMAU). In conclusion, prophetic medicine is a critical component of clinical care practice that should be adopted for healthcare delivery. Healthcare professionals should adopt its practice to ensure holistic healthcare service delivery.
Uptake of Hepatitis B Treatment Eligibility Tests Among Hepatitis B Patients:
(Aquaint Publications, 2024-08-22) Naziru, Rashid; Mutaryebwa, Felix; Nakya, Joan,Mutyoba; Ssekamatte, Tonny; Aleku, Jerry; Acheng, Frances; Mubarak, Nasur
Background: Despite hepatitis B virus infection being a vaccine preventable liver disease, 257 million people are estimated to be chronically infected globally making it one of the commonest infections, causing more than 820,000 deaths annually worldwide. Uganda is one of the SSA that continues to be highly endemic with a prevalence of 4.3%, associated with poor clinical management of those infected. Objectives: Assess factors associated with the uptake of recommended HBV treatment eligibility tests among hepatitis B Virus patients at\ Yumbe Regional Referral HospitaMethods: Data was collected using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Chi square and modified Poisson regression analyses were undertaken to determine association of factors. 01 Focus Group Discussion and 04 Key Informant interviews were conducted to explore factors affecting the provision of recommended hepatitis B treatment eligibility tests. Data was analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: 1.01% of patients took all 4 tests and 26.6% received at least one test. Complete Blood Count was mostly consumed, 38.2% while Ultra Sound Scan was the least -7%, 7.5% patients were screened for HIV with 33.3% being HIV/HBV coinfected. 61.3% patients did not take any main test and 31.2% had a main test taken. Only 7.5% had both main tests. Uptake of main tests was associated with timing of tests (χ2 =94.9, P< 0.000), HIV/HBV coinfection (χ2 = 20.46, P<0.000), duration in care, (χ2=68.9, P<0.000), average distance to hospital (χ2 = 15.5,P<0.017). Timing of tests was the only factor statistically associated with uptake of main recommended tests (PR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.210 – 0.92). Facilitators for provision of HBV tests included availability of commodities, HCWs’ knowledge of the treatment guidelines and good infrastructure while barriers were insufficient human resource, commodity stock outs and language barrier. Conclusion: There was poor uptake of recommended tests by HBV patients at YRRH. Health Workers should endeavor to provide all recommended tests before HBV treatment initiation.
Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccines, associated factors and reasons for not taking a vaccine
(BMC, 2024) Naziru, Rashid; Daama, Alex; Kasango, Asan; Kigozi, Nalwoga,Grace; Nalugoda, Fred; Bulamba, Robert; Kyasanku, Emmanuel; Nakigozi, Gertrude; Kigozi, Godfrey; Kagaayi, Joseph; Mugamba, Stephen
Vaccination has been recommended as one of the approaches for the control of COVID-19 pandemic. However, adequate vaccine coverage is critical to the effectiveness of the vaccine at population level. Data on acceptability of the vaccine in Ugandan urban areas are limited. This study examined the prevalence, factors associated with willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine including reasons for not taking COVID-19 vaccine in a predominantly urban population of Wakiso, central Uganda.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards COVID-19 Vaccination Among Students and Staff at the Islamic University in Uganda
(East African Health Research Journal, 2023-11-03) Naziru, Rashid; Nabukeera, Madinah; Kisambira, Zubair Jauhara; Zziwa, Swaibu; Ndagire, Mariam Abbasi; Nakayiza, Faridah
Whereas the burden of COVID-19 has greatly reduced worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality, its impact is still affecting many countries economically, politically as well as in the healthcare systems. There is therefore a need to ensure that the community is protected and safe against the resurgence of the COVID-19 by embracing the vaccination against the disease. Taking up campaign messages about the COVID-19 vaccine, requires the community to have a certain level of understanding and have a good or positive attitude towards the vaccines, all of which influence good practices.
Self-Reported Hepatitis B Vaccination Uptake and Associated Factors Among Adults Attending Budwale Health Center in Mbale District Uganda
(East African Health Research Journal, 2023-08-21) Naziru, Rashid; Ddamulira, John Bosco; Kabwama Ndugwa, Steven; Namutundu, Juliana; Ssentogo, Julius; Daama, Alex; Ajambo, Aidah; Namatovu, Josephine; Mutaryebwa, Felix; Ahumuza, Ronald; Batte, James; Nakayiza, Faridah; Ndagire, Mariam Abbasi
The introduction of Hepatitis B vaccination in the general community requires understanding the factors that determines its uptake. This is specifically essential for planning, implementation and evaluation of the effectiveness of the program. This study investigated the uptake and associated factors of Hepatitis B Vaccination among clients attending Budwale Health Center in Eastern Uganda
Prevalence of Bacteria Contaminating the Hands of Healthcare Workers: An Experience of Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda
(International Journal of Human and Health Sciences, 2022-04-02) Nazziwa, Aisha; Lwere, Kamada; Ankarali, Handan; Ankarali, Seyit
Background: The pathogenic bacterium on the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) is considered as the main route of spread of nosocomial infections. Objectives:To determine bacterial contamination of the hands of healthcare workersduring routine patient care in Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study included 70 health care workers, who were actively providing healthcare in the hospital. Doctors, nurses, midwives,laboratory technicians, and pharmacistsof the hospital were included in the study. The hand impressions of the participants were taken on 5% blood agar and processed as per guidelines. The criteria used for identification of bacteria werebased on colony morphology, Gram staining, catalase test (for Gram-positive cocci), coagulase test (for suspected Staphylococcus aureus) and other standard biochemical tests. Results: Out of 70 samples, 62(88.6)% showed growth of microorganisms. The most commonly isolated genus was Bacillus found in 46(74.2%) of isolates, followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococcus(CoNS) found in 39(62.9%) of isolates, Micrococcus 18(29%) of isolates, Pseudomonas found in 13(21%) isolates, Acinetobacter 9(14.5%) and Staphylococus 7(11.3%). Bacillus was found in all 5 midwives (100%), 3(75%) of drug dispensary workers, 9(69.2%) doctors, 3(60%) laboratory technicians and 25(64.1%) of nurses. Prevalence of Coagulase negative Staphylococcus was also found to be highest in 9(69.2%) of doctors, 2(40%) laboratory attendants, 4(10%) laboratory technicians, 3(60%) midwives and 20(51,3%) nurses. The prevalence rate of pathogenic bacteria is highest among doctors followed by nurses.Conclusion: The bacterial contamination on the hands of healthcare workers remains high and measures need to be taken to effectively implement hand hygiene.
On the Use of Bayesian Network Classifiers to Classify Patients with Peptic Ulcer Among Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Patients
(IEEE, 2012) Nazziwa, Aisha; Mohd, Bakri Adam
A Bayesian network classifier is one type of graphical probabilistic models that is capable of representing relationship between variables in a given domain under study. We consider the naïve Bayes, tree augmented naïve Bayes (TAN) and boosted augmented naïve Bayes (BAN) to classify patients with peptic ulcer disease among upper gastro intestinal bleeding patients. We compare their performance with IBk and C4.5. To identify relevant variables for peptic ulcer disease, we use some methodologies for attributes subset selection. Results show that, blood urea nitrogen, hemoglobin and gastric malignancy are important for classification. BAN achieves the best accuracy of and AUC of (0.81) followed by TAN with 72.4 and 0.76 respectively among Bayesian classifiers. While the accuracy of the TAN is improved with attribute selection, the BAN and IBK are better off without attribute selection.
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HAND HYGIENE AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS AND NURSING STUDENTS IN MASAKA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL
(Journal of Duzce University Health Sciences Institute, 2021) Nazziwa, Aisha; Lwere, Kamada; Ankarali, Handan; Ankarali, Seyit
Aim: The pathogenic bacterium on the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) is considered as the main route of spread of hospital-acquired infections. This study determines the knowledge regarding hand hygiene among medical and nursing students in a Regional Referral Hospital. Material and Methods: 100 students participated in the study. Data was collected using the World Health Organization hand hygiene knowledge questionnaire (revised 2009). The questionnaire contains questions on the participant’s demographics, formal training in hand hygiene and questions to assess hand hygiene knowledge. Descriptive statistics of the variables were computed as Mean±SD and frequencies (n, %). The relationships between the categorical variables were investigated by using Pearson Chi-Square test. Also independent-samples t-test were used to investigate the difference between groups with regard to numerical variables. In all calculations, P< 0.05 is considered as the level of statistical significance. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20 (IBM SPSS statistics, Somers, NY). Results: 90.8% of the students reported receiving formal training in hand hygiene. However only 2% of the students had good knowledge, 74% moderate knowledge and 24% low knowledge about hand hygiene. The study did not find any significant difference in the knowledge level between the students who had received formal training in hand hygiene and those who had not (p=0.392). Also, the mean knowledge score was not associated with gender (p=0.82), or profession (p=0.179). Conclusion: It is of importance to devise effective teaching methods that will help the students retain the knowledge on hand hygiene

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